Fig. 14

Facies models and features. a Hyperpycnite facies model showing inverse to normal grading with erosional contact in the middle. From Mulder et al. (2003) with permission from Elsevier. Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink: Licensee: G. Shanmugam. License Number: 4258800893183. License Date: December 30, 2017. Color arrowheads and color labels by G. Shanmugam; b An ancient example from China interpreted as a hyperpycnite showing inverse to normal grading with an internal erosional surace. The presence of an internal erosional surface within a single depositional unit by a single flow is antithetical to basic principles of stratigraphy and sedimentation (Krumbein and Sloss 1963). The reason is that the presence of an internal erosional surface suggests that the lower inverse grading and the upper normal grading divisions were deposited by two different events, separated by a hiatus. From Yang et al. (2017a) with additional labels by G. Shanmugam; c Profile of the Yellow River Delta (Diaokou Lobe) showing distribution of deltaic facies. From Gao et al. (2014). Note that these facies resembles those of the Mississippi River deltaic facies (Coleman and Prior 1982)