Table 1 Paleogene glauconites along with precise age, associated lithology, mineral and biostratigraphic assemblage (the serial no. of data correspond to those provided in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
From: The formation of authigenic deposits during Paleogene warm climatic intervals: a review
Serial no. | Author | Age / Stratigraphic unit, location | Lithology | Depositional environments | Biostratigraphic details | Associated authigenic phases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PALEOCENE | ||||||
A: North American continental margin | ||||||
1 | Stassen et al. (2015) | Paleocene / Vincetown Formation, New Jersey Gulf Coastal Plain, USA | Glauconitic quartz sand | Middle to outer neritic | Glauconite-bearing Vincetown Formation was deposited during NP9a. The lithology changed to a kaolinite-rich mudstone with the onset of PETM | The glauconite-bearing sandy unit is overlain by a transitional bed deposited during PETM |
2 | Sluijs et al. (2014) | Paleocene / Tuscahoma Formation, Wilcox Group, Gulf Coastal Plain, USA | Glauconitic sands and silts | Shallow marine to estuarine | Glauconitic unit demarcates Apectodinium acme and shallow marine dys-oxic condition | Lignite appears intermittently within the formation |
3 | John et al. (2008) | Paleocene / Moreno Formation, Tumley Gulch Section, USA | Glauconitic shale | Outer Shelf | Glauconitic unit was deposited during NP9 | |
4 | Cramer et al. (1999) | Paleocene / Vincetown Formation, ODP Leg 174AX, USA | Glauconitic sand (> 40% sand) | Shallow marine | Glauconitic sand was deposited during NP9a | |
5 | Liu et al. (1997) | Paleocene / Hornerstown Formation, ODP Leg 150X, USA | Quartzose glauconitic clay | Middle neritic | Glauconite formation took place during biozone P1c or NP3 | Lignite appears at the top part of the section |
6 | Mancini and Tew (1993) | Paleocene / Matthews Landing Marl Member, Porters Creek Formation, USA | Fossiliferous sandstone and marlstone | Shallow marine | In Porters Creek Formation, glauconite is confined within lower part of M. angulata I.Z (upper part of NP4 toward the boundary of NP4–NP5) | |
7 | Mancini and Tew (1993) | Paleocene / Coal Bluff Member, Naheola Formation, USA | Fossiliferous sandstone and marlstone | Shallow shelf | In Naheola Formation, glauconite is confined within P. pusilla pusilla I.Z (Upper NP5) | The glauconitic sandstones and marlstones overlie a lignitic marlstone member, which grades laterally into carbonaceous shale |
8 | Self-Trail et al. (2012) | Paleocene / Aquia Formation, USA | Glauconitic sandstone | Shallow shelf | Glauconitic Aquia Formation was deposited during NP9a and truncated by unconformity at Paleocene–Eocene boundary | |
9 | Mancini (1981) | Paleocene / Nanafalia Formation, USA | Glauconitic sandstone | Shallow shelf | Biostratigraphically the Middle Member belongs to M. pusilla pusilla I.Z. and Grampian Hill belongs to P. pseudomenadrii R.Z. | |
10 | Duarte and Martínez (2002) | Paleocene / Sepultura Formation, Mexico | Glauconitic sandstone with ovoid and vermiform pellets | Shallow marine | Absolute K–Ar ages of glauconite are 59 ± 1 Ma and 60 ± 1 Ma. Although biostratigraphy not given, author reports that the ages are consistent with reported biostratigraphic age | |
B: Palaeo-Tethys (northern Africa, southern Europe and eastern Tethys) | ||||||
11 | Kouwenhoven et al. (1997) | Paleocene / El Kef section, El Haria Formation, Tunisia | Siltstone | Middle to inner neritic setting | Glauconitic unit is dated with planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton to be of NP6/7–NP7/8 age | At the basal part, close to K–Pg boundary, pyrite is associated. Phosphorite occurs at the upper part |
12 | Sprong et al. (2013) | Paleocene / Sidi Nasseur Section, El Haria Formation, Tunisia | Marl | Shallow marine | Glauconite beds of P3a/P3b age serves as a marker bed to the latest Danian event (LDE) along the Tunisian deposits | |
13 | Garnit et al. (2017) | Paleocene / Chouabine Formation, Metlaoui Group, Tunisia | Glauconite associated with phosphorite | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Restricted marine condition in Eastern Basin and Gafsa-Metlaoui Basin inhibited glauconite formation and favoured phosphorite deposit. Open ocean condition in Northern Basin favoured phosphorite with abundant glauconite |
14 | Messadi et al. (2016) | Paleocene / Thelja Formation, Southern Tunisia | Glauconite associated with phosphorite | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Glauconites are associated with phosphates |
15 | Steurbaut et al. (2000) | Paleocene / Aïn Settara marls, El Haria Formation, Tunisia | Marl | Shallow marine | Glauconite bed is assigned to subzone NTp7B | |
16 | Speijer and Schmitz (1998) | Paleocene / Dhakla Formation, Egypt | Conglomeratic and glauconitic marl | Palaeodepth varies at ~ 200 m | Planktonic foraminiferal zone P1c was assigned to the glauconitic marl | |
17 | Kechiched et al. (2018) | Paleocene / Djebel el Kouif and Kef Essenoun deposit, Algeria | Argillaceous phosphorite | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Associated with phosphorite deposits, glauconites are concentrated in the phosphorite-rich bands |
18 | Samanta et al. (2013a) | Paleocene / Cambay Shale Formation, India | Shale | Lagoonal | Ar–Ar age of glauconite is 56.6 ± 0.7 Ma | Lignite appears as thick seams within a dominantly shaley lithology |
19 | Egger et al. (2009) | Paleocene / Kroischbach Member, Kressenberg Formation, Austria | Glauconite-bearing quartz sandstone | Shallow marine | Glauconite-bearing quartz sandstone unit was deposited during upper Thanetian (NP8) | Coal-bearing terrestrial deposits of the Paleogene Holzer Formation yielded palynoflora typical of Nypa mangrove forest. Ooidal sandstone unit is present at the basal part of the section |
C: Palaeo-North Sea | ||||||
20 | Knox (1979) | Paleocene / Thanet Beds, England | Glauconitic clayey sandstone | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | The high degree of montmorillonite in most of the ‘glauconite’ pellets is correlated to the montmorillonite-rich nature of associated clays or even to a pyroclastic mud precursor. |
21 | Fitch et al. (1978) | Paleocene / Oldhaven Beds, Thanet Sand England | Sandstone | Shallow marine | Fair age of Thanet Bed and Reculver Sand obtained by K–Ar method. Basal Thanet Sand: 59.5 ± 0.9 Ma; Reculver Sand: 56.8 ± 0.6 Ma. Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
22 | Huggett et al. (2017) | Paleocene / Upnor Formation, England | Fine- to medium-grained sandstone with glauconite pellets | Shallow marine to estuarine | Age of glauconite formation is ~ 55.6–56.2 Ma (NP8–NP9) which is referred to Ali and Jolley (1996) | |
23 | Ellison et al. (1996) | Paleocene / Upnor Formation, England | Medium-grained, glauconitic, quartzose sands | Shallow marine | C25n to C24r, NP9, Dinocyst zone A. hyperacanthum; FO Discoaster multiradiatus Four (4) pulses of glauconite formation is observed and dated magnetostratigraphically to be in between C25n to C24r | |
24 | Schmitz et al. (2004) | Paleocene / Ølst Fm., Østerrenden core, Denmark | Siltstone | Shallow marine | Glauconitic siltstone appears just below the peak-CIE i.e. Apectodinium acme | Presence of ash layer directly points towards explosive basaltic volcanism |
25 | Steurbaut et al. (2003) | Paleocene / Grandglise Sand Member, Hannut Formation, Belgium | Bioturbated sandstone, very fine sand to sandy silt | Shallow marine | Just below the main CIE, reappears again in 54.6 Ma in Mont Héribu Clay Member. Before CIE – Hannut Formation, in sandstone, upper part of NP8 | Tienen Formation, sandwiched between Hannut Formation and Mont Héribu Clay Member have abundant thin lignite bodies |
26 | Clemmensen and Thomsen (2005) | Paleocene / Lellinge Greensand Formation, North Sea Basin | Greensand | Inner shelf | Lellinge Greensand deposited during 59.5–60 Ma. Biostratigraphic information is based on calcareous nannoplankton and supplemented by planktonic foraminifera | |
27 | Hamberg et al. (2005) | Paleocene / Bohr Member, Vále Formation, Siri Canyon, Stavanger Platform Area, Denmark | Sandstone | Deep marine | Biostratigraphic data provided. All Paleogene sandstones in Siri Canyon, Denmark contains glauconite | |
28 | Hamberg et al. (2005) | Paleocene / Ty Member, Vile Formation, Siri Canyon, Stavanger Platform Area, Denmark | Sandstone | Deep marine | Biostratigraphic data provided | |
29 | Hamberg et al. (2005) | Paleocene / Heimdal Member, Holmehus Formation, Siri Canyon, Stavanger Platform Area, Denmark | Sandstone | Deep marine | Biostratigraphic data provided | |
30 | Hamberg et al. (2005) | Paleocene / Heimdal Member, Lista Formation, Siri Canyon, Stavanger Platform Area, Denmark | Sandstone | Deep marine | Biostratigraphic data provided | |
31 | Dill et al. (1996) | Paleocene / Formation A, North German Basin, Germany | Sandstone | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphic data provided, dinocyst zone D4 is assigned for Formation A | Glauconite is confined within the lower sandstones. Glauconite-rich Formation A is overlain by phosphorite and sideritic horizon of Formation B |
32 | Schmitz et al. (2004) | Paleocene / Zumaya and Ermua Section, Basque Basin, Spain | Grey limestone with glauconite at the top | Middle to lower bathyal: shallow marine | Glauconitic limestone appears just below the peak-CIE i.e. Apectodinium acme The limestone bed is assigned to NP9 zone. | |
33 | Dypvik et al. (2011) | Paleocene / Frysjaodden Formation, Norway | Highly-bioturbated sandstone | Deep marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided. Report of PETM is based on Th/U and clay mineral proxies | Coal seams are present in the upper part of the formation. PETM interval contains abundant pyrite |
D: High southern latitudes | ||||||
34 | Ferrow et al. (2011) | Paleocene / Conway Formation, New Zealand | Sandstone | Shallow marine | Glauconite is present throughout the formation, in Paleogene it is associated with Trithyrodinium evittii I.Z, | In K-Pg boundary, jarosite is associated Fe-bearing phases. Sporadic coal seams are present |
35 | Hines et al. (2013) | Paleocene / Awhea Formation, New Zealand | Glauconitic sandstone | Deep marine | Awhea Formation: Middle and upper member contain definitive Paleocene (Teurian) assemblages, including Stensioina beccariiformis, Nuttallinella florealis, Acarinina spp. and Globigerina sp. | Pyrite occurs within burrows |
36 | Hines et al. (2013) | Paleocene / Mungaroa Limestone, New Zealand | Glauconitic sandstone | Deep marine | Mungaroa Limestone: Calcareous nannofossil assemblages from the middle member of the Mungaroa Limestone in the Pukemuri Stream include F. tympaniformus and Heliolithus cantabriae with a notable absence of Heliolithus kleinpellii, placing the middle member in Upper Zone NP5. | |
37 | Lurcock and Wilson (2013) | Paleocene / Abbotsford Formation, New Zealand | Greensand | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Magnetite is associated/embedded in glauconite pellets |
38 | Schiøler et al. (2010) | Paleocene / Tartan Formation, New Zealand | Glauconitic mudstone | Marginal marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
39 | Franzosi et al. (2014) | Paleocene / Salamanca Formation, Argentina | Moderately sorted and weakly consolidated sand | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Volcanic clasts and glass sherds are common within the sand that hosts glauconite |
Others | ||||||
40 | Frieling et al. (2014) | Paleocene / Lyulinvor Formation, Russia | Sandstone | Shallow marine (from Rudmin et al. 2017) | Biostratigraphic data provided. Glauconite-rich unit separates the top of Chron 25n and the PETM | In the eastern part, a sapropelic unit overlies the glauconite. In the western part, thicker glauconitic sandstone overlain by oolitic ironstone |
41 | Iakovleva and Kulkova (2003) | Paleocene / Talitskaya Formation, West Siberia | Glauconitic sandstone and siltstone | Shallow marine | Glauconite-bearing sediments range in age from P3b to middle P7. Glauconite occurs within the dinoflagellate zone Cerodinium speciosum (D3 pars) | |
42 | Iakovleva and Kulkova (2003) | Paleocene / Serovskaya Formation, West Siberia | Glauconitic sandstone | Shallow marine | Glauconite is confined within the dinoflagellate zone Alisocysta margarita (D4 pars) | |
43 | Nahon et al. (1980) | Paleocene / Eboinda region, Ivory Coast | Shale | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Diagenetic pyrite replaces many glauconite. Glauconitic beds alternate with black shale |
EOCENE | ||||||
A: North American continental margin | ||||||
44 | Stassen et al. (2015) | Eocene / Manasquan Formation, New Jersey Gulf Coastal Plain, USA | Fine sand/silt | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphic data provided | |
45 | Eocene / Nanjemoy Formation, Northern Gulf Coastal Plain, USA | Fine-grained quartz sand | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | ||
46 | John et al. (2008) | Eocene / Lodo Formation, USA | Fine sandstone | Outer shelf | Gulch sections: Glauconite appears at base of unconformity at NP10–NP11 truncating the PETM recovery deposits and at latter part of NP12 | |
47 | Sluijs et al. (2014) | Eocene / Bashi Marl Member, Hatchetigbee Formation, USA | Coarse sandstone | Inner shelf | Biostratigraphy (in parts) is provided | |
48 | Pietsch et al. (2016) | Eocene / Gosport Sand Alabama Gulf Coastal Plain, USA | Sandstone | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphic data provided | |
49 | Strickler and Ferrell Jr. (1990) | Eocene / Wilcox Sandstone, USA / Lower Eocene, Texas, USA | Glauconitic lithic arkose / feldspathic litharenite with pellets | Shallow marine | Glauconite is in lower Eocene Wilcox Group but no biostratigraphic or radiogenic dates are given. Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
50 | Harris et al. (1984) | Eocene / Santee Limestone (South Carolina), USA | Limestone | Shallow marine | Rb–Sr radiometric age of glauconites from Santee Limestone is 36.7 ± 0.6 Ma | |
51 | Harris et al. (1984) | Eocene / Castle Hayne Limestone (North Carolina), USA | Limestone | Shallow marine | Rb–Sr radiometric age of glauconites from Castle Hayne Limestone is 34.9 ± 1.1 Ma | |
52 | Harris et al. (1984) | Eocene / Cross Formation, USA | Impure limestone | Shallow marine | Rb–Sr radiometric age of glauconites from Cross Formation is 34.1 ± 1.5 Ma | |
B: Palaeo-Tethys (northern Africa, southern Europe and eastern Tethys) | ||||||
53 | Tlig et al. (2010) | Eocene / El Garia Formation, Metlaoui Group, Tunisia | Impure limestone | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided. Glauconite is of Ypresian age | Glauconite associated with phosphate. Background lithology is marl, black shale and clayey limestone |
54 | Metwally and Mahfouz (2018) | Eocene / Esna Formation, Dababiya Quarry Member, Egypt | Shale | Shallow marine | Glauconite-bearing strata are marked by the LO of Discoaster araneus and/or Rhomboaster taxa to the LO of Tribrachiatus bramlettei. Also, glauconite belongs to Acarinina sibaiyaensis (E1) Zone | Glauconite is associated with phosphates |
55 | Marivaux et al. (2014) | Eocene / Fortuna Formation, Tunisia | Shale | Subtidal to upper intertidal | Glauconites are of late middle Eocene (Bartonian). Radiometric ages from glauconite (in m.y.): 38.7 ± 1.0, 39.4 ± 1.1, 40.7 ± 1.1, 39.3 ± 1.0 | |
56 | Jorry et al. (2003) | Eocene / Choubine Formation, Central Tunisia | Marl | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphy of the glauconitic marl indicates a P8 biozone | Glauconitic marl is overlain by rich phosphate deposits |
57 | Hegab and El-Wahed (2016) | Eocene / Qarara Formation / Middle Eocene, Egypt | Green shale with pellets | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
58 | Eocene / Hamra Formation, Egypt | Sandy glauconitic limestone | Marginal marine | Although the formation is biostratigraphically constrained using Nummulite species and SBZ. The glauconitic unit did not yield any microfossil | Glauconite in Upper Hamra Formation unconformably overlies oolitic ironstone deposits of Lower Hamra Formation | |
59 | Chattoraj et al. (2009) | Eocene / Naredi Formation, Kutch, India | Green shale | Middle shelf | Two glauconite horizons occur within Naredi Formation, the basal unit is biostratigraphically dated as SBZ 8 and the upper bed is dated as SBZ10 | Lignite is present at the basal part of the Naredi Formation |
60 | Banerjee et al. (2012b) | Eocene / Harudi Formation, Kutch, India | Green shale | Lagoon to shelf transition | Biostratigraphically the glauconite bed at the top of Harudi Formation is dated to be in SBZ 17 | At the basal part of Harudi Formation, lignite appears as lenses |
61 | Samanta et al. (2013a) | Eocene / Cambay Shale Formation, India | Shale | Lagoonal | Glauconite formed related to I1/I2 event | Thick seams of lignite within a dominantly shaley lithology |
62 | Kalia and Kintso (2006) | Eocene / Laki Formation, Jaisalmer Basin, India | Sandy clay | Shallow marine | Glauconite is confined within Acarinia sibayensis zone (E1?) and reported as basal part of P5b | Lignite occurs at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary, along with glauconite and pyrite |
63 | Kharkwal (1966) | Eocene / Subathu Formation, Simla, India | Limestone and calcareous sandstone | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Clays are carbonaceous at the basal part, locally coal. Possible ooidal ironstone at the basal Subathu Formation |
64 | Sarma and Basumallick (1979) | Eocene / Sylhet Limestone, India | Limestone | Neritic | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Coal alternate with sandstone at the basal part, followed upwards by glauconitic nummulitic limestone |
65 | Sarmah and Borgohain (2012) | Eocene / Narpuh Sandstone, India | Calcareous sandstone | Shallow shelf | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Thin lenses of coal seams at the basal part |
66 | Shiloni et al. (1977) | Eocene / Zor’a Formation, Israel | Glauconitic chalky limestone | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Phosphate-bearing rocks underlie the glauconitic limestone at the top part of the formation |
67 | Zarasvandi et al. (2019) | Eocene / Pabdeh Formation, Iran | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Glauconite is overlain by phosphorite. REE data indicate sub-oxic to anoxic condition | |
68 | Beavington-Penney et al. (2006) | Eocene / Seeb Formation, Oman | Wackestone, packstone | Shallow lagoonal | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Glauconite is associated with minor phosphate and siderite |
69 | Clark and Robertson (2005) | Eocene / Gümüs Member, Hasangazi Formation, Turkey | Faecal pellets and infillings | Shallow shelf | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
70 | Bektemirova et al. (2018) | Eocene / Hanabad Formation, Kyzyltokoy Basin, Kyrgyzstan | Clay | Shallow marine | The basin are dated using macrofossils (bivalve) and presented in Bosboom et al. (2017) | |
71 | Rasser and Piller (2004) | Eocene / Helvetic Shelf, Austria | Nummulitic limestone | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
72 | Cosović and Drobne (1995) | Eocene / Adriatic Carbonate Platform, Istrian Peninsula, Croatia | Wackestone, packstone | Palaeodepth as high as ~ 130 m | Abundant glauconite is found confined within Alveolina stipes and Alveolina munieri zone which demarcates SBZ 13/14. Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
73 | Schweitzer et al. (2005) | Eocene / “Marl with crab”, Istrian Peninsula, Croatia | Foraminiferal packstones | Outer ramp | P-11 biozone was identified based on Globigerinatheka mexicana, Turborotalia frontosa, Turborotalia possagnoensis, and Subbotina inaequispira for the glauconite-bearing formation | |
74 | Cosović et al. (2004) | Eocene / Adriatic Carbonate Platform, Istrian Peninsula, Croatia | Foraminiferal wackestone/ packstone | Slightly deeper water | Glauconite ages were determined using foraminiferal biozones. Glauconite occurs within SBZ13–SBZ16 interval | In the Liburnian Formation, the basal part of Eocene succession, coal occurs locally |
C: Palaeo-North Sea | ||||||
75 | Huggett and Gale (1997) | Eocene / Harwich Formation, Hampshire Basin, UK | Fine-grained glauconitic sandstone | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphic data obtained from the authors and Ali and Jolley (1996). Glauconitic sandstone belongs to NP9 and part of NP10 | Siderite-bearing units alternate with glauconites. Harwich Formation contain tephra deposits |
76 | Eocene / London Clay Formation, Hampshire Basin, UK | Fine-grained glauconitic sandstone | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphic data obtained from the authors and Ali and Jolley (1996) | ||
77 | Eocene / Wittering Formation, Hampshire Basin, UK | Glauconitic silty sand | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphic data obtained from the authors and Ali and Jolley (1996) | Two glauconitic horizons are overlain by siderite concretion-bearing units | |
78 | Eocene / Earnley Formation, Hampshire Basin, UK | Bioturbated glauconitic sand | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphic data obtained from the authors and Ali and Jolley (1996) | ||
79 | Eocene / Barton Clay, Hampshire Basin, UK | Glauconitic muddy silt | Shallow marine | Biostratigraphic data obtained from the authors and Ali and Jolley (1996) | ||
80 | Huggett and Cuadros (2010) | Eocene / Headon Hill Formation, Hampshire Basin, UK | Shale, siltstones and marls | Lacustrine | Biostratigraphic zonation of Aubry (1985) indicates a NP18 to NP19–20 age of Headon Hill Formation. Radiometric dating provides ~ 34 Ma. Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
81 | Steurbaut et al. (2003) | Eocene / Mont Héribu Clay Member, Belgium | Glauconitic clayey very fine sand | Mostly lagoonal | Biostratigraphic data provided | |
82 | Vanhove et al. (2011) | Eocene deposits of Belgium (including Tielt, Hyon, Gentbrugge & Aalatar Formation), Belgium | Glauconitic sand and muds | Shallow marine | Glauconitic sand and mud is very common in latest NP12 and NP13 zones | |
83 | Morton et al. (1984) | Eocene / Offshore Ireland DSDP Leg-81, North Sea Basin | Pale-green clay | Shallow marine shelf | Glauconitization started at late NP10 and truncated at NP12. Biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy data available | |
84 | Czuryłowicz et al. (2014) | Eocene / Siemeń Formation, Lubartów area, Poland | Siltstone and sandstone | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Glauconitic silty sand overlies a phosphate unit |
85 | Gedl (2014) | Eocene sediments of Solokija Graben, Roztocze, Poland | Glauconitic sandstone, calcareous and non-calcareous | Shallow marine | Glauconitic sands are confined from upper part of NP16 to lower NP18 or top of NP17 | |
86 | Dill et al. (1996) | Eocene / Formation C, North German Basin, Germany | Sandstone | Shallow marine | Formation C is confined within Subzone D7a and D8nb | Glauconite is confined within the lower sandstones while pyrite formed in clays and marls |
D: High southern latitudes | ||||||
87 | Sorrentino et al. (2014) | Eocene / Red Bluff Tuff Formation, New Zealand | Volcanic tuff | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided Age of late Paleocene–early Eocene was proposed by Campbell et al. (1988) | Magnetite and hematite are associated with glauconite |
88 | Crouch et al. (2003) | Eocene / Wanstead Formation, Tawanui, New Zealand | Glauconitic sandy siltstone | Deep marine | Biostratigraphy is done based on Apectodinium acme and dinocyst assemblages | Although depositional environment was deep, land-derived terrestrial components are abundant |
89 | Wei (2004) | Eocene / Tasmanian Gateway, ODP Leg No 189, New Zealand | Silty claystone and siltstone | Shallow marine | Its first occurrence of glauconite is between the FO of Reticulofenestra reticulate (41.2 Ma) and that of Reticulofenestra umbilicus (42.0 Ma) and thus it can be dated as 41–42 Ma | |
90 | Dallanave et al. (2016) | Eocene / Ashley Mudstone, New Zealand | Mudstone | Deep marine | Age of glauconite is confined to NP16, LO of Reticulofenestra umbilicus marks the onset of glauconite but upper boundary is not defined. Absolute age of glauconite is 42.64 Ma (Gradstein et al. 2012) | |
91 | Aitchison (1988) | Eocene / Tapui glauconitic sandstone, New Zealand | Sandstone | Storm-dominated inner shelf | Precise biostratigraphy not provided. Glauconites are of early to middle Eocene age | |
92 | MacGregor (1983) | Eocene / Waitakere Limestone. Nile Group, New Zealand | Limestone | Marginal marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided. Age is based on benthic foraminiferal assemblage but not precisely demarcated | Pyrite occurs at upper part of the section. Underlying Brunner Coal measure is a thick coal-bearing unit |
93 | Hines et al. (2013) | Eocene / Pukemuri Siltstone, New Zealand | Glauconitic sandstone | Deep marine | Pukemuri Siltstone: The presence of Discoaster lodoensis throughout the formation indicates correlation with Nannofossil Zones NP12–14 | |
Others | ||||||
94 | Iakovleva and Kulkova (2003) | Eocene / Tavdinskaya Formation, West Siberia, Russia | Glauconitic sand and siltstone | Shallow marine | Glauconite-bearing sediments of Tavdinskaya Formation belong to Rhombodinium draco dinoflagellate zone | |
95 | Polevaya et al. (1961) | Paleogene deposits of Abkhazia, Russia | Sandstone, clayey sandstone and limestone | Shallow marine | Absolute age of glauconite by radiometric dating yields ~ 53 Ma | |
96 | Polevaya et al. (1961) | Paleogene deposits of Turgay, Russia | Sandstone, clayey sandstone and limestone | Shallow marine | Radiometric dating provides ~ 51 Ma | |
97 | Polevaya et al. (1961) | Paleogene deposits of Volga River Area, Russia | Sandstone, clayey sandstone and limestone | Shallow marine | Radiometric dating provides ~ 46 Ma is reported | |
98 | Polevaya et al. (1961) | Paleogene deposits of Ciscaucasia, Russia | Sandstone, clayey sandstone and limestone | Shallow marine | Radiometric dating provides ~ 37 Ma | |
99 | Geptner et al. (2008) | Eocene / Amanin Formation, Russia | Volcanogenic sandstone and mudstone | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
100 | Wei et al. (2018) | Eocene / Shahejie Formation Bohai Bay Basin, China | In varying lithologies from sandstone to calcareous mudstone | Shallow marine | Main glauconite event took place ~ 42.47 Ma with two minor event ~ 35.99 Ma and ~ 31.94 Ma. Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
101 | Jiang et al. (2007) | Eocene / Shulu Sag Basin, China | Calcareous shale and siltstone | Lacustrine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
102 | Petters and Olsson (1979) | Eocene / Akinbo Formation, Nigeria | Shale | Shallow marine | K–Ar method yields 54.45 ± 2.7 Ma | |
103 | Amaral (1967) | Eocene / Calumbi Formation, Mosquiro well, Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil | Glauconitic sandstone | Shallow marine | K–Ar absolute ages of glauconite from Mosquiro Formation are 53 ± 2 Ma and 51 ± 2 Ma | |
104 | Amaral (1967) | Eocene / Cururu well, Majaró Basin, Brazil | Fine sandstone and siltstone | Shallow marine | K–Ar absolute age of glauconite from Mosquiro Formation is 35 ± 2 Ma | |
OLIGOCENE | ||||||
A: North American continental margin | ||||||
105 | Miller et al. (2009) | Oligocene / Sequence O1, New Jersey Coastal Plain, USA | Glauconitic sand | Middle shelf | The Sequence O1 has rich glauconite concentration and age is defined as NP22 | |
106 | Miller et al. (2009) | Oligocene / Sequence O2, New Jersey Coastal Plain, USA | Glauconitic sand | Middle shelf | The Sequence O2 has rich glauconite concentration and age is defined as upper part of NP23 | |
107 | Miller et al. (2009) | Oligocene / Bumpnose sequence, SSQ section Alabama Gulf Coastal Plain, USA | Glauconitic sand | Middle shelf | The Sequence O2 has rich glauconite concentration and age is defined as upper part of NP23 | |
108 | Oligocene / Offshore New Jersey, ODP Leg 174A, USA | Mudstone and sandstone | Deep marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided. Age estimation is based on Sr stratigraphy (Savrda et al. 2001) | Glauconite has ooidal coating of glauconitic smectite, while shallow water glauconites have cores of siderite | |
B: Palaeo-Tethys (northern Africa, southern Europe and eastern Tethys) | ||||||
109 | Boukhalfa et al. (2015) | Oligocene / Fortuna Formation, Tunisia | Glauconitic siltstone and mudstone | Lagoonal | Glauconite forms in Chattian. Glauconite-bearing sequence is marked by biostratigraphically well-constrained upper and lower boundary | Lagoonal glauconite of Fortuna Formation overlies a Fe-, S-bearing horizon |
110 | Boukhalfa et al. (2015) | Oligocene / Lower Béjaoua Group, Tunisia | Shoreface–offshore transition | Glauconite-bearing sequence is marked by biostratigraphically well-constrained upper and lower boundary | ||
111 | Banerjee et al. (2012a) | Oligocene / Maniyara Fort Formation, Kutch, India | Green shale | Lagoonal | Glauconite age is modified to the base of SBZ 22B based on foraminiferal studies | |
112 | Tóth et al. (2010) | Oligocene / Eger Formation, Hungary | Carbonate cemented sandstone layers | Deep sublittoral to epibathyal | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Phosphate is associated with glauconite even as very fine particles |
C: Palaeo-North Sea | ||||||
113 | Rasmussen and Dybkjær (2005) | Oligocene / Brejning Clay Member, Vejle Fjord Formation, Denmark | Bioturbated greenish silty clay | Shallow marine | Overlying the glauconitic unit is characterized by common occurrences of Deflandrea phosphoritica and Chiropteridium galea (Dinocyst assemblage) | Glaucony is abundant with pyritized burrow. Glauconitic clay is overlain by silty to sandy unit with iron oolite and siderite cemented sandstone |
114 | Porrenga (1968) | Oligocene / Kerkom sand Belgium | Thin green clay layers and lenses intercalated in sands | Marginal marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
115 | De Man and Van Simaeys (2004) | Oligocene / Southern North Sea Basin, Belgium | Glauconitic sand | Marginal marine | Oldest time-transgressive glauconitic sand was deposited around 26.7 Ma | Coals are present in the formation, but precise stratigraphy not available |
D: High southern latitudes | ||||||
116 | Van der Lingen et al. (1978) | Oligocene / Oxford Chalk, New Zealand | Cross-bedded glauconitic sand with foraminiferal infillings | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
117 | Lewis and Belliss (1984) | Oligocene / Gee Greensand Otekaike Limestone, New Zealand | Greensand | Inner shelf | Age of the formation is based on Harland et al. (1982); but the age is redefined again. Precise biostratigraphy not provided. Ostracoda biostratigraphy is provided in Ayress (2006) | |
118 | McConchie and Lewis (1978) | Oligocene / Coleridge Formation, New Zealand | Glauconitic sandstone with faecal pellets | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided. Oligocene glauconite belongs to early Oligocene (Whaingaroan Stage) (Harland et al. 1982) | |
119 | Kelly and Webb (1999) | Oligocene / Jan Juc Formation, Torquay Group, Australia | Argillaceous sandstone | Middle shelf | Foraminiferal biostratigraphy is provided in Li et al. (1999) | Pyrite, siderite, phosphate and iron oxide minerals overlie basal glauconite rich units. Glauconitic unit contains pyrite, phosphates and iron oxides, but lacks siderite |
120 | Dix and Parras (2014) | Oligocene / San Julián Formation, Patagonia (Argentina) | Hardground in limestone | Shallow marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided. Age of glauconite-bearing rocks are correlated with chronostratigraphy of Gradstein et al. (2012) | Microcrystalline siderite is associated with glauconite. Glauconite overlies coal-bearing member |
Others | ||||||
121 | Sageman and Speed (2003) | Oligocene / Caratas Fm., Tinajitas Lst. and Los Jabilos Fm., Venezuela | Arenites with foraminiferal infillings | Shallow marine | NP24 for Glauconitic wacke; three distinct glauconitization event without proper biostratigraphic age provided. Precise biostratigraphy not provided | |
122 | Amaral (1967) | Oligocene / Cururu Fm., Majaró Basin, Brazil | Fine sandstone and siltstone | Shallow marine | K–Ar age of glauconite from upper part of Cururu well section is 25 ± 2 Ma which is in good agreement with biostratigraphic data according to the author | |
123 | Wigley and Compton (2006) | Oligocene / Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene Calcareous unit, South Africa | Calcareous sand | Shallow marine | Glauconite formed during Upper Oligocene (25.8–27.2 Ma) | Phosphate (CFA) is associated with glauconite |
124 | Tazaki and Fyfe (1992) | Oligocene / Isu Bonin Forearc Basin, ODP Leg 126, Japan | Volcanogenic sandstone | Deep marine | Precise biostratigraphy not provided | Glauconite along with celadonite and graphite occurs in volcaniclastic sediments |