Table 2 Overview on the studied samples from the Spiti and Zanskar valleys in the Indian Himalayas and results of geochemical analyses. The entries in bold indicate iron or manganese contents exceeding the defined cut-off values.

  SP16-001

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

2.95

−0.19

−2.81

23.9

35.3

10.64

19.8

1.561

213

<30

  SP16-003

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

2.95

−0.19

−4.07

29.9

42.3

9.743

19.0

1.235

174

<30

  SP16-004

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

2.95

−0.03

−2.73

23.6

34.9

13.04

21.7

1.476

163

<30

  SP16-005

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

3.98

0.04

−2.54

22.7

33.8

11.34

20.4

1.391

<90

<30

  SP16-006

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

3.98

0.49

−0.59

14.3

23.7

11.38

20.4

1.742

<90

<30

  SP16-007

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

3.98

−0.20

−3.05

25.0

36.6

11.95

20.9

1.405

145

<30

  SP16-074

Belemnite

Kibber

N 32.3244, E 78.0069

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.13

0.96

−3.68

28.0

40.1

10.60

19.8

1.370

214

40

  SP16-075

Belemnite

Kibber

N 32.3244, E 78.0069

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.13

1.06

−2.32

21.7

32.6

4.721

12.5

1.764

<90

<30

  SP16-076

Belemnite

Kibber

N 32.3244, E 78.0069

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.13

−0.15

−1.91

19.9

30.5

7.193

16.3

1.310

145

<30

  SP18-011

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2388, E 78.0788

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.13

0.00

−3.24

25.9

37.7

13.19

21.8

1.293

217

<30

  SP18-012

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2388, E 78.0788

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.13

−0.75

−4.74

33.3

46.1

16.39

23.8

1.084

<90

<30

  SP18-014

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2388, E 78.0788

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.13

−0.07

−1.52

18.2

28.4

11.60

20.6

1.672

<90

<30

  SP16-008

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.34

−1.23

−2.61

23.0

34.2

9.797

19.1

1.342

125

<30

  SP16-009

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.80

−0.71

−2.47

22.3

33.4

13.89

22.3

1.309

228

<30

  SP16-011

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

11.46

1.38

−0.87

15.5

25.1

8.474

17.8

1.380

<90

<30

  SP16-012

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

11.46

1.22

−1.55

18.3

28.6

11.08

20.2

1.640

219

<30

  SP16-017a

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

19.60

−0.26

−2.85

24.1

35.5

12.18

21.1

1.216

186

<30

  SP16-019

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

24.20

−0.14

−1.17

16.7

26.6

9.283

18.6

1.413

<90

<30

  SP18-001

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2429, E 78.0854

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

30.52

0.01

−1.36

17.5

27.6

9.437

18.7

1.345

<90

<30

  SP18-002

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2429, E 78.0854

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

30.52

0.17

−2.43

22.2

33.2

13.25

21.8

1.356

<90

<30

  SP18-003

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2429, E 78.0854

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

30.52

−0.11

−1.05

16.2

26.0

9.545

18.9

1.268

<90

<30

  SP18-004

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2429, E 78.0854

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

30.52

0.21

−3.78

28.5

40.7

13.57

22.1

1.268

114

<30

  SP18-005

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2429, E 78.0854

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

30.52

−0.34

−1.71

19.0

29.4

9.392

18.7

1.197

<90

<30

  SP16-021

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

34.77

0.48

−2.10

20.7

31.5

9.200

18.5

1.425

188

<30

  SP16-026

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

45.28

1.69

−1.95

20.0

30.7

6.884

15.9

1.191

174

<30

  SP16-027

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

45.28

1.67

−2.24

21.3

32.2

9.515

18.8

1.271

233

<30

  SP16-031

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

49.85

1.08

−1.06

16.2

26.0

4.365

11.7

1.417

108

<30

  SP16-032

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

49.85

0.57

−0.43

13.7

22.9

3.909

10.7

1.366

113

<30

  SP16-033

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

49.85

1.22

−0.22

12.8

21.8

3.822

10.5

1.445

<90

<30

  SP16-034

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

49.85

0.78

−0.48

13.9

23.2

4.628

12.3

1.453

<90

<30

  SP16-036

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

49.95

1.39

−0.13

12.5

21.4

3.445

9.6

1.421

<90

<30

  SP16-037

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

49.95

−0.33

0.14

11.4

20.1

5.617

14.0

1.437

<90

<30

  SP16-038

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

49.95

1.05

0.03

11.9

20.6

5.433

13.7

1.608

<90

<30

  SP16-040

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.15

0.34

−0.36

13.4

22.6

4.984

12.9

1.448

<90

<30

  SP16-043

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.25

0.51

−0.26

13.0

22.1

3.865

10.6

1.350

<90

<30

  SP16-044

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.35

0.50

0.03

11.9

20.6

5.060

13.1

1.454

142

<30

  SP16-045

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.45

1.26

−0.48

13.9

23.1

5.961

14.6

1.725

<90

<30

  SP16-046

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.45

0.85

0.20

11.2

19.8

5.018

13.0

1.388

<90

<30

  SP16-047

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.45

1.01

−0.32

13.2

22.3

4.944

12.9

1.514

<90

<30

  SP16-048

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.55

1.42

0.35

10.6

19.0

4.673

12.4

1.462

<90

<30

  SP16-049

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.55

0.61

−0.71

14.8

24.3

4.213

11.4

1.267

125

<30

  SP16-050

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.65

1.46

0.45

10.3

18.6

3.687

10.2

1.395

<90

<30

  SP16-051

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.65

−0.10

0.41

10.4

18.8

3.419

9.5

1.293

<90

<30

  SP16-052

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.75

0.40

−0.32

13.2

22.3

6.540

15.4

1.592

107

<30

  SP16-053a

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.75

1.03

−0.63

14.5

23.9

7.484

16.6

1.563

128

<30

  SP16-056

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.99

0.56

0.63

9.6

17.7

6.118

14.8

1.404

<90

<30

  SP16-057

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

51.42

0.84

−2.37

21.9

32.9

8.154

17.4

1.373

250

<30

  SP16-066a

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1519, E 78.1719

?Upper member

Early Tithonian

56.70

0.08

0.37

10.6

19.0

4.874

12.7

1.484

<90

<30

  SP16-064

Belemnite

Gete

N 32.3053, E 78.0219

Upper member

LatTithonian

58.70

−1.43

−3.75

28.4

40.5

4.814

12.6

1.547

96

<30

  SP16-067

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

58.92

0.07

−0.50

14.0

23.2

7.652

16.8

1.705

150

<30

  SP16-068

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

58.92

1.15

0.03

11.9

20.6

6.475

15.3

1.363

<90

<30

  SP16-069

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

58.92

0.16

0.65

9.5

17.6

4.498

12.0

1.533

<90

<30

  SP16-070

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

58.92

0.94

0.57

9.8

18.0

4.829

12.7

1.434

98

<30

  SP18-018

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

58.92

0.48

−0.08

12.3

21.1

5.174

13.3

1.519

<90

<30

  SP18-019

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

59.70

1.02

−1.10

16.4

26.3

5.655

14.1

1.325

147

<30

  SP18-020

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

59.70

1.50

0.24

11.1

19.6

4.948

12.9

1.177

<90

<30

  SP18-021

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

59.70

1.82

−0.55

14.2

23.5

6.667

15.6

1.636

<90

<30

  SP18-006

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

62.70

1.39

−0.29

13.1

22.2

4.550

12.1

1.264

109

<30

  SP18-007

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

62.70

0.43

0.22

11.1

19.7

5.324

13.5

1.151

143

<30

  SP18-009

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

62.70

1.42

−0.20

12.8

21.7

7.703

16.9

1.365

<90

<30

  SP18-010

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

62.70

0.89

−1.37

17.5

27.6

9.044

18.4

1.588

<90

<30

  SP16-060

Oyster

Chichim

N 32.3469, E 77.9688

Tagling Formation

?Bathonian

-

1.52

−8.20

(52.5)

-

4.968

-

0.678

653

<30

  SP16-061A+B

Oyster

Chichim

N 32.3469, E 77.9688

Tagling Formation

?Bathonian

-

1.61

−8.85

(56.5)

-

8.506

-

0.748

1014

<30

  SP16-062

Oyster

Chichim

N 32.3469, E 77.9688

Tagling Formation

?Bathonian

-

1.24

−8.70

(55.6)

-

3.713

-

0.743

381

<30

  SP16-014

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

?

0.62

−2.90

(24.3)

(35.8)

10.01

(19.3)

1.316

1028

<30

  SP16-015

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

?

0.69

−4.93

(34.3)

(47.3)

10.53

(19.7)

1.319

1062

34

  SP16-002

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

2.95

−0.02

−8.77

(56.0)

(71.6)

13.58

(22.1)

1.116

379

<30

  SP18-015

Belemnite

Hikkim

N 32.2388, E 78.0788

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

4.13

−0.91

−3.89

(29.0)

(41.2)

17.99

(24.6)

1.278

1329

<30

  SP16-013

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

11.46

−1.30

−11.66

(74.9)

(92.5)

10.88

(20.0)

0.860

1114

<30

  SP16-059a

Oyster

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

12.82

1.57

−10.58

(67.6)

-

3.231

-

-

263

<30

  SP16-016

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

19.60

1.47

−3.02

(24.9)

(36.4)

8.527

(17.8)

1.458

303

<30

  SP16-022

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

34.77

−0.19

−4.12

(30.2)

(42.6)

12.32

(21.2)

1.239

373

<30

  SP16-023

Oyster

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

34.77

2.76

−10.76

(68.8)

-

2.869

-

0.537

10299

442

  SP16-024

Oyster

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

34.77

−0.04

−9.71

(61.9)

-

6.989

-

0.637

3458

75

  SP16-025

Oyster

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

34.77

3.33

−10.76

(68.8)

-

1.343

-

0.581

1267

<30

  SP16-029

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

47.51

1.04

−2.22

(21.2)

(32.1)

6.050

(14.7)

1.336

259

<30

  SP16-030

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

47.51

1.75

−1.12

(16.5)

(26.4)

6.887

(15.9)

1.236

1781

130

  SP16-035

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

49.95

0.23

−0.73

(14.9)

(24.4)

4.633

(12.3)

1.236

261

<30

  SP16-042

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.15

1.24

−0.34

(13.3)

(22.5)

4.264

(11.5)

1.380

608

<30

  SP16-058

Belemnite

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

51.42

−0.09

−2.69

(23.4)

(34.6)

8.465

(17.8)

1.233

392

<30

  SP16-071

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

58.92

0.65

0.35

(10.6)

(19.0)

6.345

(15.1)

1.315

353

37

  SP16-072

Belemnite

Demul

N 32.1500, E 78.1750

Upper member

LatTithonian

58.92

1.11

0.45

(10.3)

(18.6)

6.717

(15.7)

1.449

2031

85

  SP16-059b

Sediment

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

12.82

−0.27

−10.90

-

-

25.72

-

0.864

12493

278

  SP16-017b

Sediment

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

19.60

−2.97

−10.11

-

-

27.25

-

0.810

19545

235

  SP16-053b

Sediment

Langza

N 32.2675, E 78.0786

Middlmember

Kimmeridgian

50.75

−3.68

−10.71

-

-

14.27

-

0.615

38443

512

  ZA18-007

Belemnite

Rangdum NE

N 34.0626, E 76.4248

Ferruginous OolitFormation

?Callovian

-

−0.58

−9.93

(63.4)

(79.7)

12.80

(21.5)

1.546

230

<30

  ZA18-008

Belemnite

Rangdum NE

N 34.0626, E 76.4248

Ferruginous OolitFormation

?Callovian

-

−0.28

−10.94

(70.0)

(87.0)

9.940

(19.2)

1.293

877

<30

  ZA18-009

Belemnite

Rangdum NE

N 34.0626, E 76.4248

Ferruginous OolitFormation

?Callovian

-

−0.11

−10.72

(68.5)

(85.4)

10.67

(19.9)

1.340

561

<30

  ZA18-001

Belemnite

Zangla Village

N 33.6658, E 76.9861

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

-

−0.71

−11.55

(74.1)

(91.7)

12.16

(21.1)

1.727

3844

163

  ZA18-002

Belemnite

Zangla Village

N 33.6658, E 76.9861

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

-

0.25

−7.55

(48.7)

(63.4)

4.091

(11.1)

1.744

513

36

  ZA18-003

Belemnite

Zangla Cliff

N 33.6828, E 76.9717

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

-

−0.31

−8.36

(53.5)

(68.8)

4.870

(12.7)

1.348

110

<30

  ZA18-004

Belemnite

Zangla Cliff

N 33.6828, E 76.9717

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

-

1.73

−7.08

(46.0)

(60.4)

4.768

(12.5)

1.336

156

<30

  ZA18-010

Belemnite

Zangla Village

N 33.6658, E 76.9875

Lower member

M. Callovian−Oxfordian

-

−0.08

−8.48

(54.2)

(69.6)

6.076

(14.7)

1.430

901

69